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    <p>When I was installing remote sensing gauges for river levels, we
      used the thermite welding process to connect our gauge housings
      and antennas to the 1/0 copper wire that was buried in the ground
      for lightning protection.   It required welding 3 copper radials
      from the gauge housing to a wire buried in a 12ft diameter circle
      3 ft deep. Each radial was also welded to a copper plated ground
      rod driven 9 ft deep in the ground.  We used Cadweld brand
      Thermite and molds to accomplish this.  We must have done it
      right, in the first year of operation we had 3 of our 18 gauges
      take direct lightning strikes.  All 3 stayed online after
      automatic reset.  <br>
      I took a crash course in lightning protection for tall
      structures.  It was one of my more interesting   projects while
      working for the State of OKla 30 years...<br>
      Cecil<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 12/3/2019 10:12 AM, Howard Pletcher
      wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CANEFi4aEHi1Wz13O_-Z-UWgsw8ooDkPL74FQ863h=chMYVocvg@mail.gmail.com">
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        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Steel
          Dynamics said they were looking at friction welding of the
          rails although I didn't ask the obvious question of how they
          would obtain the friction since spinning the parts doesn't
          seem possible.  Perhaps some sort of high frequency vibration?</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The
          process used in the video is very similar to what is done at
          Steel Dynamics.</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Howard</div>
      </div>
      <br>
      <div class="gmail_quote">
        <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Tue, Dec 3, 2019 at 10:22
          AM Gene Dotson <<a href="mailto:gdotsly@watchtv.net"
            moz-do-not-send="true">gdotsly@watchtv.net</a>> wrote:<br>
        </div>
        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
          0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"> 
            Our process at Rockwell for welding spindles on to axle
          tubes was simply<br>
          called butt welding in our processes. The axle tube and
          spindle were clamped<br>
          in their own vice like device and held in stationary precise
          location. They<br>
          both were heated to very near melting temperature by a large
          high frequency<br>
          induction coil, then high pressure cylinders forced the
          spindle onto the<br>
          axle tube. The intensive pressure added the extra temperature
          to melt the<br>
          mating surfaces, completing the weld which was then quenched
          by a spray of<br>
          water and quenching fluid.<br>
          <br>
              A later method was friction welding. The axle beam was
          clamped<br>
          stationary in a holding fixture. The spindle was located in a
          fixture that<br>
          was on a rotating spindle and rotated at high speed with
          pressure exerted on<br>
          the mating surface creating a very high temperature. At near
          melting<br>
          temperature, a quick application from an induction coil
          completed the<br>
          heating process at which  point the spindle was stopped with
          molten metal at<br>
          junction of spindle with pressure at which time the weld was
          quenched<br>
          completing the process.<br>
          <br>
                                                      Gene<br>
          <br>
          <br>
          <br>
          -----Original Message----- <br>
          From: Carl Gogol<br>
          Sent: Saturday, November 30, 2019 7:47 AM<br>
          To: 'Antique Tractor Email Discussion Group'<br>
          Subject: Re: [AT] Welding Rails<br>
          <br>
          Rails are thermite welded in the field<br>
          Carl<br>
          Manlius, NY<br>
          <br>
          -----Original Message-----<br>
          From: AT <<a
            href="mailto:at-bounces@lists.antique-tractor.com"
            target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">at-bounces@lists.antique-tractor.com</a>>
          On Behalf Of James Peck<br>
          Sent: Saturday, November 30, 2019 7:27 AM<br>
          To: Antique Tractor Email Discussion Group <<a
            href="mailto:at@lists.antique-tractor.com" target="_blank"
            moz-do-not-send="true">at@lists.antique-tractor.com</a>><br>
          Subject: Re: [AT] Welding Rails<br>
          <br>
          That certainly looks like resistance welding.<br>
          <br>
          Steve Offiler AT List member Mechanical Engineer (<a
            href="mailto:soffiler@gmail.com" target="_blank"
            moz-do-not-send="true">soffiler@gmail.com</a>);<br>
          Interesting, but not very helpful:<br>
          <br>
          <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9i4aMYTv8o"
            rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9i4aMYTv8o</a><br>
          <br>
          James AT List Member (<a href="mailto:jamesgpeck@hotmail.com"
            target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">jamesgpeck@hotmail.com</a>);
          You have got me curious. I am<br>
          going to guess resistance welding if you say that the rail
          ends are pushed<br>
          together.<br>
          <br>
          <a
            href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_resistance_welding"
            rel="noreferrer" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_resistance_welding</a><br>
          <br>
          Howard Pletcher AT List Member AT List Member (<a
            href="mailto:hrpletch@gmail.com" target="_blank"
            moz-do-not-send="true">hrpletch@gmail.com</a>); The<br>
          process is mostly automated and details are hidden by the
          equipment. The<br>
          rail joint comes into the welding station, the operator cleans
          the ends, the<br>
          door closes, and there’s 2 seconds of arcing.  My
          understanding is it begins<br>
          with a small gap between the ends and as the steel begins to
          melt from the<br>
          arc, it is shoved together with high pressure. I assume the
          rails are<br>
          clamped between (large) contacts to apply the current—should
          have asked for<br>
          more details.<br>
          <br>
          Mentioning dimming city lights, they melt 120 tons of scrap in
          an electric<br>
          arc furnace in a batch. They said this uses the same current
          as the city of<br>
          Fort Wayne. Fortunately they are on their own distribution
          lines so the<br>
          lights don’t go out.<br>
          <br>
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